andrens
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English”
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:
Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional
Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,
Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct : Indirect :
Now → Then
Today → That day
Tonight → That night
This week → That week
Yesterday → The day before
The day before yesterday → Two days before
Last night → The night before
Last week/year → The previous week/year
A year ago → A year before/The previous year
Three years ago → Three years before
Tomorrow → The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow → In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year → The following week/year
On Sunday → On Sunday
Here → There
This book → The book
This → That
These → Those
Over there → Over there
*etc.
PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:
Can → Could
May → Might
Might → Might
Must → Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)
*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.
*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:
1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.
2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.
3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.
EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :
1. D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “
I : She says to her friend that he has been reading
2. D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “
I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly
3. D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “
I : Reza said that he was very sleepy
4. D : He has told you, “ I am writing “
I : He has told you that he is writing
5. D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “
I : Mothe advised her son to study hard
6. D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “
I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football
7. D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus
I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning
8. D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “
I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies
9. D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “
I : Mother asked her not to go there alone
10. D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “
I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much
Penjelasan Direct dan Indirect Speech (Reported Speech
Penjelasan Direct dan Indirect Speech (Reported Speech)
- Direct dan Indirect Speech merupakan materi grammar bahasa Inggris
yang banyak diajarkan di jenjang SMP dan SMA. Direct dan Indirect Speech
atau yang biasa disebut Reported Speech ini menjadi langganan bentuk
soal yang sering keluar di UN baik untuk SMP dan SMA.
Atas dasar begitu pentingnya materi
Direct dan Indirect Speech ini, maka pada kesempatan kali ini penulis
memberikan penjelasan mengenai Direct dan Inderct tersebut dengan
lengkap kepada pengunjung sekalian. Semoga bermanfaat.
Direct dan Indirect Speech
Ketika kita merubah kalimat langsung
menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, ada beberapa hal yang mengalami
perubahan diantaranya perubahan struktur kalimat, tensis, pronoun (kata
ganti orang), keterangan waktu dan tempat (Adverbs of time and place).
Sebelum melangkah jauh ke sub-pembahasan tersebut di atas, alangkah baiknya ada juga mengerti tentang apa yang dimaksud Reporting Speech dan Reported Speech.
Reporting Speech adalah bagian dalam kalimat direct speech yang di tandai oleh tanda petik (") dan di akhiri oleh tanda petik (").
- He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why do you come late."
- He said, "I have a present for you in my bag."
- He asked me, "why do you come late."
Untuk itu, pada artikel ini penulis
sengaja membagi beberpa sub-penjelasan mengenai direct dan indirect
speech berdasakan perubahan-perbuahan di atas.
1. Perubahan Stuktur kalimat
Jika kita lihat pada kalimat direct
speech, terdapat ciri-ciri yang identik yaitu terdapat tanda petik (").
Tada petik tersebut merupakan cara yang sering digunakan untuk
membedakan mana yang direct atau yang indirect.
Ketika klimat direct speech tersebut
dirubah menjadi kalimat indirect speech, tanda petik tersebut pun
dihilangkan atau digantikan dengan kata "that" atau "to" (untuk kalimat
perintah). Misalnya:
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He said, "I have a present for you in my bag." | He said that he had a present for me in his bag. |
| 02 | He asked me, "why do you come late." | He asked me why I came late. |
| 03 | He orderd me, "don't bring a bag." | He ordered me to didn't bring a bag. |
Perubahan struktur kalimat juga terjadi
jika pada direct speech menggunakan kalimat tanya, maka akan dirubah
menjadi kalimat afirmatif (berita).
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang menggunakan kalimat tanya "yes-no question" maka akan dirubah menjadi if/whether. Contohnya:
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | They asked me, "Do you want to join us to play football?" | They asked me if/whether I want to join them to play football. |
| 02 | He asked me, "Does she want to mary me?" | He asked me if/whether she wants to mary her. |
Untuk kalimat direct speech yang
menggunakan 5W1H question (Why, Who, What, When, WHere, How), maka akan
dirubah menjadi kalimat afirmatif dengan cara sebagai berikut:
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He asked me, "why do you come late?" | He asked me why you came late. |
| 02 | He asked me, "what does she eat?" | He asked me what she ate. |
| 03 | He asked me, "when did you come?" | He asked me when I came. |
| 04 | He asked me, "who are you?" | He asked me who I was. |
| 05 | He asked me, "who is she?" | He asked me who she was. |
2. Perubahan Tensis (Tenses)
Seperti yang dijelaskan dimuka,
perbuahan dari direct ke indirect juga mempengaruhi tensis yang
digunakan. Kebanyakan siswa sulit memahami perubahan yang satu ini.
Untuk itu, penulis sengaja membuatkan tabel perubahan tensis agar mudah
dimengerti.
Di bawah ini adalah tabel Perubahan Tenses dari direct speech ke indirect speech.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | Simple Present | Simple Past |
| 02 | Present Continuous | Past Continuous |
| 03 | Present Future | Past Future |
| 04 | Present Perfect | Past Perfect |
| 05 | Present Perfect Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
| 06 | Simple Past | Past Perfect |
| 07 | Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous |
Atau bisa lebih dipermudah dengan tabel berikut di bawah ini, yaitu:
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | V1 (eat) | V2 (ate) |
| 02 | V2 (ate) | Had + V3 (had eaten) |
| 03 | Am/is/are | Was/were |
| 04 | Do/does | Did |
| 05 | Do/does not | Did not |
| 06 | Did not | Had not + V3 |
| 07 | Was/were | Had been |
| 08 | Am/is/are + V-ing | Was/were + V-ing |
| 09 | Was/were +V-ing | Had been + V-ing |
| 10 | Has/have + V3 | Had + V3 |
| 11 | Will/shall/can/may/must | Would/should/could/might/had to |
| 12 | Could/might/should/would + V1/be | Could/might/should/would + have+ V3/been |
3. Perubahan Pronoun
Perubahan pronoun dan possessive
tergantung kepada sabjek dan objek yang dipakai di direct speech
(kalimat langsung) yang tentunya mempengaruhi perubahan pronoun pada
indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung).
- Kata ganti orang pertama (I dan We) pada reporting speech (lihat penjelasan di awal) berubah sesuai subjek yang ada di reproted speech.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He said, ‘I am busy.’ | He said that he was busy. |
| 02 | She said, ‘I am unwell.’ | She said that she was unwell. |
| 03 | I said, ‘I will be late.’ | I said that I would be late. |
| 04 | They said, ‘We will not permit this.’ | They said that they would not permit that. |
| 05 | We said, ‘We need to buy some clothes.’ | We said that we needed to buy some clothes. |
- Kata ganti orang kedua (You) di reporting speech pada direct speech berubah sesuai objek pada reported speech.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He said to me, ‘You have to come with me.’ | He told me that I had to go with him. |
| 02 | She said to me, ‘You can go.’ | She told me that I could go. |
| 03 | She said to him, ‘You can go.’ | She told him that he could go. |
- Kata ganti orang ketiga (He, she, it dan they) pada direct speech tidak mengalami perubahan ketika dirubah ke indirect speech.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | He said, ‘She is a good girl.’ | He said that she was a good girl. |
| 02 | She said, ‘They have invited us.’ | She said that they had invited them. |
| 03 | They said, ‘He does not have the necessary qualifications.’ | They said that he did not have the necessary qualifications. |
Tidak cuma itu, dalam perubahan dari direct speech ke indirect speech juga mempengaruhi adverbs khusunya adverb of time (keterangan waktu) dan adverb of place (keterangan tempat). Untuk itu anda wajib memahami tabel di bawah ini.
| No | Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| 01 | Now | Then |
| 02 | To day | That day |
| 03 | Tomorrow | The next day The day after The following day A day later |
| 04 | Next ... | The ... after The following ... |
| 05 | Last ... | The ... before The Previous ... |
| 06 | ... ago | ... before ... earlier |
| 07 | Yesterday | The day before The previous day The preceeding day |
| 08 | The day before yesterday | Two day before |
| 09 | Here | There |
| 10 | This | That |
| 11 | These | Those |
Di bawah ini adalah contoh-contoh direct dan indirect speech untuk menambah pemahaman mengenai penjelasan di atas.
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech | |
| (+) | He said, “I have a present for you in my bag. here” | He said that he had a present for me in his bag there. |
| (-) | He said, “I do not have a present for you in my bag” | He said that he did not have a present for me in his bag. |
| (?) | He asked, “Do I have a present for you in my bag?” | He asked me if/whether he had a present for me in his bag. |
| (?) | He asked me, “ Why do I have to have a present for you in my bag? | He asked me why he had to have a present for me in his bag. |
| (!) | He ordered/commanded me, “Bring my bag here now!” | He ordered/commanded me to bring his bag there then. |
| (!) | He ordered me, “Don’t bring your bag here!” | He ordered me not to bring my bag there. |
tahks buat infonya
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